Immigration and Europe Essay -- European Politics, Economics

Immigration in spite of appearance and into Europe has increased in recent years, with local populations anxieties raised(Pilcher 2010, p445). I will look at the socio-cultural challenges which in-migration introduces. These include the real and perceived impacts on native populations, and the policy responses which stem from the issues. Next, economic well-being is an aspect of the immigration question that will be examined. I will consider soem of the various problems which are encountered in tackling this subject. While attempts to reach conclusions of the de facto effects of immigration in terms of the economies are not do, considering the arguments made may help in gauging the extent of the challenge that immigration poses. I will also examine some of the structural changes which immigration makes in the semipolitical sphere, with electoral and representative politics being affected. With constituencies changing significantly throughout several countries, the resultant shift s in terms of policy and governance are concerns which urgency to be taken seriously.Social and Cultural ChallengesThe social and cultural tensions which arise from hosting immigrant communities are often expressed as a failure to integrate or assimilate immigrants into society. insofar cleavages can be amplified due to the liberal and egalitarian doctrines which underpin European states. Provisions have to be made for immigrant citizens which may pretend resentment in the existing population as a consequence of competition for diminishing resources, as well as the overarching factor of cultural stability(Lahav 2004, p1167). Yet this difficulty may be eased by the inclusion of non-EU immigrants in a reformulation of the European identity. If, as Diez & Whitman(2002) arg... ...ect individuals on the micro-level but research suggests that there are context-dependent issues in societies. This means that the challenges which immigration pose cannot be met by assuming that macro-econ omic scenarios fit different solutions. Countries from both ends of the spectrum face problems with managing immigration and its consequences on different strata within the existing society. Again, the challenge here is one in which the political leaders and mass media are still themselves unsure of. If the effects of immigration on the saving are to be ascertained, then the implementation of appropriate policies needs to be pursued without deference to political and ideological pressures. The biggest challenge facing the states of Europe regarding immigration is to pinpoint the causes of insecurity, in both the immigrant and native communities, and address them.

Cognitivism Essay -- Psychology Essays

Cognitivism Cognitivism is considered the dominant approach in psychology today. The dramatic shift from behaviorism to cognitivism occurred in the early part of this light speed. After years of almost alone behaviorist research, psychologists and educators became discontent with the limitations of behaviorism. Although behaviorism encouraged observable and measurable research in the field of psychology, it did not incorporate mental events.This piece of music will render a general overview of the origin of cognitivism and a discussion of three widely accepted cognitive theoriesthe Atkinson-Shriffin stage model, Craik and Lockharts levels of processing theory, and the parallel distributed processing approach. Finally, this paper will briefly summarize some ways that cognitivism has influenced instructional design theories.Origin of CognitivismThe origin of cognitivism can be traced back to the early part of this century when the Gestalt psychologists of Germany, Edward Chase Tolm an of the United States, and Jean Piaget (1896-1980) of Switzerland had a tremendous influence on psychology and the shift from behaviorist theories. Behaviorists argued that mental events were impossible to observe and measure and could not therefore be studied objectively. Consequently behaviorists could not explain the ways learners attempt to make sense of what they learn. Cognitivists proposed that through empirical research and observation inferences could, indeed, be drawn about the internal, cognitive processes that produce responses. According to Matlin, Cognitive psychologists generally agree that the birth of cognitive psychology should be listed as 1956During this prolific year, a large number of researchers published influ... .... (1990). The childs conception of the world. New York Littlefield Adams.Piaget, J., Gruber, H. (Ed.), & Voneche, J.J. (Ed.). The essential Piaget (100th Annicersay Ed.). New York Jason Aronson.Renner and others. (1976).Schumaker, R. (1996). An niversary Jean PiagetA foundational thinker. UNESCO Courier, n11, 48-49.Scott, B. D. (1997). Constructivism Teaching for understanding of the Internet. communications of the ACM, v 40n10, 112-117.Striebel, M. (1995). Instructional plans and situationed learning. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology Past, present, future (2nd ed). (ppl. 145-166). Englewood, CO Libraries Unlimited, Inc.Vygotsky, L. & Vygotsky, S. (1980). Mind in society The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and language. capital of Massachusetts MIT Press.

Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson :: Snow Falling Cedars David Guterson

degree centigrade dropping on Cedars by David Guterson Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson gives readers an idea of what it was the like to be Japanese in the 1940s and 50s. In our nation at that time, much of the population felt that Japanese and Japanese Americans could non be trusted. Americans did not like the immigrants coming here and taking jobs that were once theirs. Last, of course, the evacuation and containment of the Japanese and even Japanese American citizens made it clear that America did not trust them. Prejudice against Japanese and Japanese Americans was most prominent in the western states, more specifically California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Nevada. These similarly happen to be the states most inhabit by people of Japanese descent. The disproportion can be seen in a poll taken in celestial latitude of 1942 by the American Institute of familiar Opinion. When asked Do you think the Japanese who were moved inland from the P acific chute should be allowed to return to the Pacific Coast when the warfare is over? Seventeen part nationally said they Would allow none to return, whether they were citizens or not. In the western states, nearly twice as more felt this way, an astonishing 31 percent (Merrick 207). This data does not show, however, whether the inlanders were less prejudiced or merely wanted to send the Japanese back to the West. It seems the war was an excuse to lock these people international for a while. Discrimination existed long before the war began with a swift attack on Pearl Harbor. Interestingly, how-do-you-do had few racial problems, despite be at the site of the devastation. People often fear what they do not understand. Why did Germans and Italians not experience such(prenominal) distinct discrimination? European subtlety is fairly similar to American culture it is, after all, where most of American culture and inhabitants came from. The Japanese, on the oth er hand, own severely different customs than the join States, customs that must have been hard for people to understand or value. Many White people sawing machine the quiet reserve of the Japanese descendants as an indication of a cold, heartless, unfeeling person. To Caucasians, dark faces with slanted eyes were something they could not understand and therefore, could not trust.Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson Snow Falling Cedars David GutersonSnow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson gives readers an idea of what it was like to be Japanese in the 1940s and 50s. In our nation at that time, much of the population felt that Japanese and Japanese Americans could not be trusted. Americans did not like the immigrants coming here and taking jobs that were once theirs. Last, of course, the evacuation and containment of the Japanese and even Japanese American citizens made it clear that America did not trust them. P rejudice against Japanese and Japanese Americans was most prominent in the western states, more specifically California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Nevada. These also happen to be the states most populated by people of Japanese descent. The disproportion can be seen in a poll taken in December of 1942 by the American Institute of Public Opinion. When asked Do you think the Japanese who were moved inland from the Pacific Coast should be allowed to return to the Pacific Coast when the war is over? Seventeen percent nationally said they Would allow none to return, whether they were citizens or not. In the western states, nearly twice as many felt this way, an astonishing 31 percent (Merrick 207). This data does not show, however, whether the inlanders were less prejudiced or merely wanted to send the Japanese back to the West. It seems the war was an excuse to lock these people away for a while. Discrimination existed long before the war began with a swift attack on Pearl Harbor. Interestingly, Hawaii had few racial problems, despite being at the site of the devastation. People often fear what they do not understand. Why did Germans and Italians not experience such distinct discrimination? European culture is fairly similar to American culture it is, after all, where most of American culture and inhabitants came from. The Japanese, on the other hand, have severely different customs than the United States, customs that must have been hard for people to understand or value. Many White people saw the quiet reserve of the Japanese descendants as an indication of a cold, heartless, unfeeling person. To Caucasians, dark faces with slanted eyes were something they could not understand and therefore, could not trust.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Good evening. Some of you out there may not realize this exactly those of you who attended Suntime Middle School have been with this guy for the last seven years. I would like to ask you either, not just Suntime Middle School grads and who all else, to join me in give thanksing Mr. Weather for his patience and dedication to the success of our education over the years. We are the Class of 2000. The first graduating class of the new millennium. The past cardinal years have been pretty wild. We started out as a bunch of rats in a small cage, but as time went by we wise(p) and matured and became big rats in a new small cage, but in any case, the cage door is now opening the handlers turning us wild things loose. As we leave Where the Wild Things Are, home to some of the best cat fights, fist fights and food fights this side of the Cascades, I have a modest surprise for all of you sitting in front of me here tonight in your caps and gowns we aint seen nothing yet One of my favorite books when I was little was Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak. Im sure many of you here tonight are quite familiar with it. It is about a young boy named Max who loves to dress up in his wolf suit and cause trouble. When his mother disapproves, Max creates a world of dress-believe with his liking in which he is king of all wild things. Here he is accepted and revered for his savage behavior. I loved it in my younger eld because of the pictures of the big monsters and was jealous of the boy who got the chance to live with them. I always wanted to be that boy. To be a wild thing, carefree, with no responsibilities or berth figure to answer to. The night Max wore his wolf suit and made mischief of one kind and another his mother called hi... ...ere he found his supper hold for him and it was still hot. It is now time to step out of high school and enter a world of choices. It is time to leave where the wild things are, taking our experiences, memories and cognition and follow our hearts and dreams. It is time to give thanks to all who have supported and helped us down this path. Thank your friends for being there for you, thank your teachers for preparing you, thank your parents for guiding you and thank all others who always made sure your supper was still hot. So as you hop in your sailboat and follow to where good olfactory sensation things are to eat, remember what youve learned from being in the world of the wild things. Take this experience and utilize it towards your future, because I guarantee you that what lies ahead for us is gonna make being a wild thing look like a walk in the park. Thank you.

satan and the problem of evil :: essays research papers fc

Satan and The Problem of Evil Now the Serpent was the just about cunning of the animals that the LORD God had made. The Serpent asked the woman, Did God really tell you not to eat from any of the trees in the garden? The woman answered the serpent We may eat of the fruit of the garden it is only about the fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden that God said, You shall not eat it or pull down touch it lest you die. But the Serpent said to the woman You certainly entrust not die No, God knows well that the moment you eat of it your eyeball will be opened and you will be like gods who know what is good and what is bad. (Genesis 31-5) Serpent, Devil, Tempter, , Prince of Darkness, Fallen Angel, the Evil One, Lucifer, Diabolus, all of theses titles refer to the same figure, Satan. The discern Satan comes from the Hebrew for adversary. It is theorized that Satan is a symbolic figure for those who opposed the Biblical writers, in the Old Testament the Satan was meaning the oth er nations, the ne plus ultra worshipers, and in the New the Pharisees and the Jews who ejected the growing Christian faith from the Jewish community. In the time of the later church, Satan and his works were meaning heretics and such. Anything on the outside that appeared to be a threat became of Satan. It is also a theory that Satan is a real individual, a real spirit, the fallen angel. Some stories hold that selfish gazump and lust for power brought about the fall of Lucifer, the light bearer. St. Augustine wrote that the Devil was inflated with pride, he wished to be called God. The words of the prophet Isaiah illustrate this theme How you are fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn How are you cut down to the ground, you who mowed down the nations You said in your heart I will scale the heavens above the stars of God I will set up my throne I will take my seat on the lot of assembly, in the recesses of the North. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds I will be like the most high. Yet down to the nether gentleman you go, into the recesses of Sheol (Isaiah 1412-15) St.

satan and the problem of evil :: essays research papers fc

Satan and The Problem of Evil Now the Serpent was the most cunning of the animals that the LORD God had made. The Serpent asked the woman, Did God really key out you not to eat from any of the guides in the garden? The woman answered the serpent We may eat of the fruit of the garden it is only about the fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden that God said, You shall not eat it or even touch it lest you die. But the Serpent said to the woman You surely will not die No, God endures well that the moment you eat of it your eyes will be opened and you will be like gods who know what is good and what is bad. (Genesis 31-5) Serpent, dickens, Tempter, , Prince of Darkness, Fallen Angel, the Evil One, Lucifer, Diabolus, all of theses titles refer to the same figure, Satan. The name Satan comes from the Hebrew for adversary. It is theorized that Satan is a symbolic figure for those who hostile the Biblical writers, in the Old Testament the Satan was meaning the other nations, the idol worshipers, and in the New the Pharisees and the Jews who ejected the growing Christian faith from the Jewish community. In the time of the later church, Satan and his works were meaning heretics and such. Anything on the outside that appeargond to be a threat became of Satan. It is also a theory that Satan is a real individual, a real spirit, the fallen angel. Some stories hold that selfish pride and lust for power brought about the fall of Lucifer, the light bearer. St. Augustine wrote that the Devil was inflated with pride, he wished to be called God. The words of the prophet Isaiah illustrate this idea How you are fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn How are you cut down to the ground, you who mowed down the nations You said in your heart I will scale the heavens above the stars of God I will tack together up my throne I will take my seat on the mount of assembly, in the recesses of the North. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds I will be like the mo st high. Yet down to the nether world you go, into the recesses of Sheol (Isaiah 1412-15) St.

Creativity in Literacy Practices

Creativity in Literacy Practices A textUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACH by Agatha Xaris Villa INTRODUCTION AT PRESENT, on that point ARE A NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC CREATIVITY. THEY DIFFER IN THE WAY THE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR LITERARINESS IN speech communication AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN E actuallyDAY LANGUAGE.This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of fancifulness at textual matter train following a textual approach to literacy and creativeness assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativeness in literacy practices such(prenominal)(prenominal) as diaries, letter and graffito.However, I would like to continue by presenting the argument that while literacy practices do offer opportunities for creativeness at text level, the study and designation of creativity in literacy practices may be more than productive when studied with a broader position one that goes beyond the limits of the text and considers the influence of context in the production, reception and processing of texts, literary practices and creativity. Creativity in literacy practices at text level LITERACY IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND IS A PART OF pull d have OUR MOST MUNDANE SOCIAL PRACTICES.WHILE THE ROLE WHICH LITERACY PLAYS IN SITUATIONS MAY VARY IN IMPORTANCE, IN THE CONTEXT OF LITERACY EVENTS WHERE LITERACY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE, INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP CHARACTERISTIC AND simulate WAYS OF USING AND INTERACTING WITH TEXTS. THESE HABITUAL PATTERNS HOLD DIFFERENT MEANING AND VALUES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ARE WHAT WE REFER TO AS LITERACY PRACTICES. Creativity in literacy practices at the level of the text may be identified by focusing on special linguistic forms that stand out in texts. This pproach is modeled after what Carter (1999) called an inherency perspective which perceives creativity as being inherent in the cr eative uses of nomenclature intrinsic in text. The focus is on the generators skill in the usance of linguistic forms that constitute text on the phonological, grammatical and semantic level. Roman Jakobson (1960), one of the well-known advocates of this approach, was concerned with the poetic function of language which was believed to be in close analogy to literariness in text.He argued that the poetic function of language involves the foregrounding of language forms which have the ability to draw attention to themselves making a discernible impact on the reader. Foregrounding results from stylistic choices which may come as (1) deviations from the norms of everyday language (e. g. the use of different write systems, lexis and figurative language such as metaphor and simile or (2) prominent patterns of parallelisms in phonology, grammar and semantics (e. g. meter, rhyme, etc. (Maybin and Pearce, 2006, p. 6 9). By highlighting the poetic usages of language, we can identify creativity in diaries at the text level. The metaphoric descriptions and dramatic portrayal of entities and events in diaries be expressions in which individuals attempt to explore their feelings regarding their experience of the real terra firma that are often difficult to call. In addition, repeated structures and rhythms are commonly used in diaries as a form of emphasizing points in the writers diary entry.Such examples of poetic language may also be identified in letters. In Margaretta Jollys (1997) study of war letters, she states that letters are probably the most common form of creative writing. Her examples point out the creative way in which letter-writers are able to use language forms such as imagery, metaphoric and rhetorical devices as well as parallelism (more commonly related to literature) for the purpose increasing the texts excited and persuasive impact and highlighting contrast and subtleties of meaning (Maybin, 2006, p. 72). The art of graffiti is a long -standing tradition with the ability to exhibit creativity at text level both in its traditional and embellished form. Creativity is seen in the use of rhythmic repetition, puns and contradictory voices (as in parody and irony), the use of non-standard spelling and punctuation (usually in creese with a bad-tempered artistic style) and the use of text and decoration for aesthetic and communicative purposes.While it is possible to be able to identify creativity in literacy practices at text level, this approach is somewhat limited because it fails to take into account (1) the interactive features and functions of literacy practice, (2) the influence of its socio- heathenish and historical context and more importantly (3) the creativity in language practices that is inherent and emergent from companionable practices in particular contexts.Therefore, I suggest that a better and more efficient way to identify and evaluate creativity in literacy practices, is one that approaches litera cy from a more contextual approach, more specifically from an ethnographical perspective. Creativity and literacy practices from an ethnographic approach According to the ethnographic approach defined by Papen and Tusting (2006, p. 312-359), creativity refers the production of something new and original. In written language, creativeness should not be perceived as a decontextualised, individual bodily process or as being entirely shaped by context.It should be seen as being dependent on and emergent from the creative literacy practices through which texts are constructed because they are shaped by people, who in pursuit of their own goals and purposes, actively draw on the interactional, contextual and socio-cultural possibilities available in the particular social touch they are embedded. Literacy practices are inherently creative in and of themselves. The ethnographic perspective takes into account the broader social-political context within which creativity is located and thr ough their examination of iteracy practices and texts, advocates of the ethnographic approach found three major characteristics of creativity in writing. To begin, by focusing on peoples literacy practices rather than just texts, they noted that creative texts are produced as a result of interactive collaboration. Diaries, although written by a single person, emerge from an individuals account and reflection of events and variant conversations and interactions with people.Diaries and journals are dialogic practices wherein the writer addresses and responds to a reader and have the potential to be re-contextualized in different publications to address a wider readership (Maybin, 2006, p. 269) This dialogical aspect is more evident in web blogs or online journals in which people often (1) write in response to the entries of others, (2) write entries addressed to others and (3) write with the expectation and even the goal to keep up as much response from others. Maybin (2006, p. 73) tells us that letters are even more intensely dialogic in nature. I believe that letters are best(p) viewed as mediums of correspondence wherein we present written versions of our personal experience, relationships and identities in relation to an assumed reader who then responds by confirming or questioning. Letters are shaped by and inspire collaborative practices An interesting characteristic of graffiti that I believe exemplifies the collaborative nature of creativity is the way that graffiti attracts graffiti (Macdonald, 2006).A graffiti-covered wall may look like vandalism to law-enforcers or a rather threatening cacophony of names to the common passerby but it constitutes a symbolic exchange between members of a sub-group. In the world of graffiti, tags located on the analogous space are often interpreted in relation to their positioning and proximity to each other. They may be viewed as a sign of respect, acknowledgement or outright disregard a reflection of the intensely competitive nature of this practice.In addition to the collaborative nature of creative literary practices, the ethnographic approach pays careful attention to the influence of the context of reading and writing in the development of creative practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 320). They argued that in any given opportunity, there is particular set of possibilities and constraints that provides the opportunity for creativity. This involves affordances (i. e. properties of the environment, arising from its material characteristics which may be positive or negative depending on the individual) from new forms of technology, discourse conventions as well as inter-textual and material resources available to producers of text. An important thing to note is while possibilities may trammel what is possible in any given context, the possibilities associated with a setting do not determine what is created.For example, while people may be able to describe events, sights and even people t hrough the practice of diaries and letters, there are abstractions such as feelings and intensely traumatic situations (such as in war) that are far more difficult to describe and articulate. In order to overcome this type of constraint on expression, writers make use of metaphoric language and parallelisms, enabling them to represent their feelings and experiences in words that their readers may be able to relate to. Creativity may also emerge from socially-constrained situations.Graffiti emerged from the same socially and economically impoverished areas in the States where gangs are notoriously prominent. Because graffiti is an act of illegitimacy and opposition, graffiti artists face the constant risk of being caught by the police or by cope with gangs each time they make a tag or do a piece. But this high-risk and intensely competitive literacy practice is a stage on which young men may choose an identity of their own making, present it in the style of their choice and regain c ontrol of their own fate free from the constraints of their socio-economic backgrounds (Mcdonald, 2006).Social, economic or technological changes may result in the introduction of new affordance and constraints to any given context (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 325). For example, the popularization of the mesh brought about the development of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), resulting in the creation of new literary genres and changes in literacy practices. According to Kress (2003), creativity may be perceived as inherent in CMC using the two concepts of transformation and transduction.Transformation is the way that the text producers manipulate the forms of signs within a mode to suit their needs and interests. Transduction, on the other hand, refers to the movement of semiotic material between modes where meaning configured in one mode is moved to another. Online diaries, known as online blogs, perform the same function as traditional diaries and even employ the same lingu istic forms. However, bloggers now have access to a owing(p)er degree of interactive, inter-textual and multi-modal resources.Whereas in the past, writers creatively used language to express their thoughts and feelings through metaphors and similes, bloggers can now make use of pictures, videos, music, emoticons, avatars and (through hyper-linking) other texts to represent themselves and their lives online. Similarly, the literacy practice of letter-writing is far from extinct in forthwiths modern ear but has taken up a new form that is, electronic mail (e-mail). As a medium of communication, netmail has enabled cross-cultural communication and the creation of online relationships and networking communities.Finally, the ethnographic perspective sees creative literacy practices in everyday life as being embedded in socio-cultural practices situated in institutional, political and economic structures. These structures are in a constant state of movement and change therefore taking on a historical perspective towards literacy practices is a necessity. Based on observation and study, changes in socio-economic conditions are often accompanied by changes in the linguistic and semiotic means available to a community as in the case of the following account of changes to a Nepali rural community Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 328). The 1980s was a time of great social and economic change in Junigau, Nepal. In 1983, the village set up its first high school, providing greater access to education for men and women resulting in great changes to the literacy practices used by the young. A new form of prolonged courtship (i. e. , love-letter writing) had become increasingly popular among the youth, improving gender relations and changing brotherhood practices (as the young were becoming more resistant towards arranged marriages).The way in which these love-letters encapsulated new ideas on personal identity and individual agency which held no cultural precedent in their v illage is an example of how social and cultural change is closely related to the creation of new literacy practices (Papen and Tusting, 2006, p. 328) Conclusion ANALYZING CREATIVITY AT TEXT LEVEL, ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY CREATIVENESS IN TEXTS AS IS REVEALED BY THE USE OF POETIC LANGUAGE OR LINGUISTIC FORMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH LITERATURE.THIS APPROACH HOWEVER WAS VERY MUCH LIMITED DUE MAINLY BY THE NARROWNESS OF THE INHERENCY MODELS DEFINITION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES AS CREATIVITY AS WELL AS TO ITS wish OF CONSIDERATION OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND THE INHERENCY OF CREATIVITY IN LITERACY PRACTICES. In taking an ethnographic/historical perspective, characteristics of creativity that are inherent in literacy practices become more salient. through with(predicate) our understanding of the three characteristics of creativity in literacy practices, weve identified creativity beyond the level of the text.This contextual approach showed us how creativity is exhibited in literacy practices in the way that (1) texts are read and used, how the writer interacts with other individuals(2) how people are able to creatively use language in relation to the possibilities and constraints available in particular contexts and finally, (3) individuals are able to adapt and respond to changes in discourse practices and socio-cultural conditions. References CARTER, R. (1999). COMMON LANGUAGE CORPUS, CREATIVITY AND COGNITION, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, 8(3), P. 196-216 Jakobson, J. (1960). Closing statement linguistics and poetics, in T. A. Sebeok (ed. ) Style in Language, MIT Press. Jolly, M. (1997). Everyday Letters and Literary Form Coresspondence from the Second World War, unpublished MPhil, University of Sussex. Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new Media Age. London and New York, Routledge. Macdonald, N. (2006). Chapter 6. interpreting B The spray-can is mighteier than the sword graffiti writing and the construction of masculine identity in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 293 302. Maybin, J. 2006)(Ed. ) Chapter 6 Writing the self, in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 261 279. Maybin, J. and Pearce, M. (2006). Chapter 1 Literature and creativity in English in Goodman, S. and OHalloran, K. (eds) The art of English literary creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 6-9. Papen, U. and Tusting, K. (2006). Chapter 7 Literacies, collaboration and context in Maybin, J. and Swann, J. (eds) The art of English everyday creativity. Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 312 331.

Reflective Personal Diary_Default Routines

I was presenting the last three months of performance of the Supply Chain department coering major achievements, Kepis, risks and opportunities. As this was the year annul as well therefore I was trying to Influence the Head of Business Unit and the CEO of the company. My team had already given me their presentations and I compiled those in to the main powering presentation. All the senior managers and business units heads were present and I was going through the slides one by one and explaining each of hose in detail.I sounded actually confident and was trying to explain the technicalities and calculations related to each of the slides. All the members present were listening carefully and following me. I was non interrupted and there were no questions asked during the presentation. I felt very confident as I was able to explain all the details and as the performance of my department was well up to the set targets therefore I felt very enthusiastic while presenting the slides on t he Kepis.I was most aware about the department Kepis and their calculations. Reflections After the presentation was over our CEO asked me questions on the implementation of the ERP/MR. for the Supply Chain function, the time frame in which it is supposed to be implemented and fully running and why was this not part of the challenges or risks as part of my presentation. Initially I tried to ward off the question by saying that as the ERP/MR. Phase-I implementation move under the IT department therefore this was not part of our presentation.But he was not convinced so I stated that this was not a part of the forward quarter and therefore not in the presentation which as another failed attempt to not answer the question. Then I stated that this will be covered in the next quarter with IT department and if required a time frame can be set within one month. I was using my core strength of communication and my knowledge about the ERP/MR. systems. I was trying to end the presentation on a positive note as this was linked to the yearly appraisals for the whole team.I was avoiding accepting that the point raised was very critical and was a mistake to be missed in the presentation. The impact was not very good other people were Just mute spectators probably agreeing with the point raised by the CEO. The most challenging was to accept that even afterwards a brilliant performance In the quarter the whole presentation ended showing that an Important challenge/rolls was missed to be addressed.The important involvement I missed was to look at the presentations from the previous three quarters with Q-2 presentation had the MR./ERP Implementation as a challenge for 2013 and a risk in 2014. I think the last point which I did by accepting the mistake straight forward and immediately providing a time frame for resultant dominate the whole presentation and why wasnt I prepared for this or aware that here could be questions which could have been outside the scope of my present ation.

A Breakthrough in Science and Technology Essay

The computing machine is an amazing machine. Nowadays , we are living in the computer age and most of our day to day activities offer not be accomplished without using computers. The computer has become an indispensable and multipurpose tool. We are breathing in the computer age and gradually the computer has become such a desire necessity of life. It is difficult to imagine life without computer. The computer is a latest breakthrough in science and engine room because of the history of its development and the advantages of the computer as well as the prospect of it in the future.The history of computers development includes four contemporariess. The first multiplication computers were invented in the 1940s and 1950s. ENIAC was the world first successful electronic computer. It was invented by two scientists namely J. P. Eckert and J. W. Mauchy. It was very huge and big. Its weight was 30 tones. It could store yet limited or small amount of data. The second generation computer s were invented from 1955 to 1960. The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953 and the most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401.Its transistors were utilize as the electronic component instead of vacuum tubes. The size of computer was decreased and it became much smaller than that of earlier computer. Next, the third generation computers were invented in the 1960s. They were invented in 1964. IC was use as the electronic component of computers. Those computers were developed by T. S. Kilby . They had huge storage capacity and higher calculating speed. Then, the fourth generation computers were invented from 1971 to now. This is the generation we are working today. Smaller computers have become available. The computer has many advantages .It has become an important household item . It has become an indispensable device for us in the office , home or school . The computer helps slew do many things quicker and faster than they did before . A very clear indorse is that documents can be composed without papers The computer allows the user to create documents , edit , print and store them so that they can be restricted subsequently . Using the computer , one can remain connect to the world through the internet . The internet allows people from around the world to communicate with other people through chatting, email, etc.People can also share knowledge, ideas and experiences in any field. Moreover , the computer is a wonderful device for people to entertain and relax such as listening to music , watching films , reading newspapers , playing games and so on . Nowadays , the computers are widely used for education and training purposes. In fact, the computers have become a learning tool for students . Nowadays, there are many universities that provide online degrees, which are advantages for those people staying in remote areas and for disabled.One can take the benefit of such online degree programs staying at home wi thout the need of relocation. The computers are also used for training purposes. many a(prenominal) companies use them to train their staff. The prospect of the computer is that the computer provide be used to create more sophisticated computers. May be, everything would be a computer. The computers will be so complex. They will bring a lot of benefits. They will be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements of some(prenominal) planes in the vicinity of an airport.Furthermore, the computer not people could colonize the other planets and explore the galaxy. All in all, the computer is a wonderful device. Because of the history of its development, the advantages of the computer and the prospect of it, the computer has made a big breakthrough in science and technology. In fact, we live in a technological era, the computers have penetrated everyplace with all benefits they provide. We are satisfied with them and sometimes we even thank them because they help us in communicating, studying, doing business, entertaining and saving lives in critical situations.

Arguments For And Against Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay

The human organic structure has ever needed energy -food for the most of import and comminuted twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. A major function for the production of the energy which keeps us feasible and in gesture is carried out by the solarize. The importance of the Sun as an energy supplier was underlined by Stephen ( 1977 ) The Sun provides these nutrients, or bio-fuels, that maintain us a live(a), and fossil fuels are in a sense stored bio-fuels, for they were populating organisms eons ago. Carbon is the forefront denominator of bio-fuels, aroundhow a by-product of the sunshine is derived from biomass or bio-waste. The full biomass or bio-waste like renewable bio-fuels as methane, organic waste and liquid fuels are rank in C. This essay entrust see the utilitys and disadvantages of utilizing bio-fuels and it chiefly will mention to renewable biomass or bio-waste. Finally, this survey will weigh and reason if the utilizing of bio-fuels is worth the attempt.We live in a universe where fogy fuels coal and oil are critical for heat, transit and electricity. The issue which concerns us the most is the fact that we are travelling necessarily to execute out someplace in the hereafter. We bath non afford 1000000s of old ages until the nature provides us with new militias of coal and oil, hence the solution would be to utilize bio-fuels on a current footing. The most in effect(p) reply to the energy deficit which lies in forepart of us is the renewable energy, for case solar, tidal, spread current, geothermic and hydraulic power. The energy beginnings mentioned above are cost effectual and for the most portion environment friendly, besides that we are neer traveling to drizzle up the sunshine or the air current for the simple fact that those resources are of course replenished which makes this solution a lasting one.Furthermore, as Kruger ( 2006 ) stated Biomass ( and the bio-energy obtained from it ) comes from agribusiness . there is an copiousness of workss from which we female genital organ bring forth bio-energy. The most common substances known for their bio-energy bring forthing belongingss are starch and peat. We can pull out amylum from workss such(prenominal) as murphies, rice, maize and manioc these workss are known for their cost-efficient production and they can be found in about every corner of the artificial satellite being cultivated by work forces from a really long clip. In writer s sentiment peat can be more effectual cost effectual, for the simple ground that it is found in the nature, compared to the amylum which is a by-product of a cultivated works than amylum in the production of bio-fuels for it can be found on a really colossal graduated table around the universe. Harmonizing to the World Energy Council ( 2007 ) a the entire country of peat lands approaches 3 million kmA? , or about 2 % of the entire land surface . Nevertheless, there are many other workss from whi ch we can bring forth bio-fuels, specially for transit. The most well-known bio-fuel used for transit is the bio-ethanol produced from amylum, saccharose ( a by-product extracted from sugar cane and sugar Beta vulgaris ) , lactose and cellulose. The most of import advantage of the bio-ethanol is that besides the fact that this bio-fuel assures the handiness of fuel for transit in the hereafter, it makes an tremendous part for the restriction of C dioxide emanations. For illustration, as Guderjahn in Handbook of Fuels edited by Elvers ( 2008 ) states that bio-ethanol a engines have been utilized in coachs that have been used for more than 15 old ages by the municipal transit companies in Sweden a . The epitome of ethanol-fuelled coachs in the state is around 400. Furthermore, another beginning exploited for the production of bio-fuel is carnal and human waste such as animate being droppings, municipal waste and sewerage. These wastes by the procedure of anaerobiotic digestion in absence of the O are transformed into methane gas, fuel used chiefly for heating. Its benefits are incontestible, for it replaces coal, the limited dodo fuel. In add-on, the production of biogas can ease remotion of the human waste and litter from the sewerage systems and landfills around the major metropoliss.On the other manus, the production of bio-fuels has some drawbacks refering the environment, wellness, safety and energy ingestion. Equally far as refering the air current power energy, disadvantages that chiefly bears on the air current Millss such as make noise pollution, falling blades and structural jobs caused by the quivers leads to injury and damage to the milieus and sometimes to employees who are working on the building and care. In add-on, air current Millss interfere with the safety valve waies of birds impacting their migratory wonts.There are many other environmental and economic facets sing renewable energy, such as fish migration and wellness that are ab normal by the temperature alterations of H2O armored combat vehicles used to bring forth electricity by hydraulic power. Furthermore, the building of tidal power workss sometimes can raise inquiry Markss sing the highly high costs and the electrical end product generated. Geothermal energy production installations can take to establish down remission and pollution caused by the S and ammonia thrown into the waste H2O.Sing the usage of biomass to bring forth bio-energy scientists underlined some specific jobs, such as wellness, safety, air pollution and the big sum of energy ingestion for the aggregation of biomass. Ih-Liu ( 1998 ) gave an illustration Yunnan Province, in Xuan Wei County in China, has the highest rate of lung malignant neoplastic distemper in China for both its male and female populations. a In 1982, a scientists discovered that polycyclic organic compounds were being released from coal and wood-fired ranges a which are carcinogens, are byproducts of uncompl ete combustion of the biomass a .This assignment has explained the instance for and against the usage of bio-fuels. One of the of import thoughts within this essay is that in the hereafter the planet will run out of the widespread dodo fuels-coal and oil-utilized for about everything that puts world in gesture. Despite the fact that in the future bio-fuels are traveling to be produced on big graduated table whether if they are harmful or non, there are many advantages of utilizing renewable energy. The most of import advantage is the fact that the Earth will neer run out of ego replenished natural resources supplied by nature. From this point of position, the most of import assignment for the specializers and scientists working in this field should be to extend out how to fudge the negative facets of utilizing bio-fuels.

Working Class Youth and Moral Panic

Why has the nineteenth century been associated with a tenacious brat over working class young person? The events of the nineteenth century cause often been described as turning points throughout Europe, the subsequent revolutions of the major powers of Europe led to significant potpourri in the countries involved, additionally industrial revolutions and urbanisation led to greater city populations. The question about youth firstly must be defined in a manor easily understood. How persistent the panic was is important in addition to this what panic was there.From the latter part of the nineteenth century these issues can be discussed with greater authority, and effects drawn more(prenominal) conclusively. Moral panic is considered being a concern for the threat of social order or values as Stanley Cohen and Jock Young have emphasised. The linguistic context is vital during this period as British output doubled twice in the nineteenth century between 1830-1852 and 1852-80 which fundamentally changed Britain in a spot of ways, before the revolution its estimated ? of the population lived in rural parts.Working longer for less in factories and gamyer living costs in an increasing urban republic left some with very little. The relentless path that factory owners were able to take due to the governments laissez-faire attitude led to another(prenominal) social change the breakdown of family life, safety was not an issue only profit, women and children worked hard and for little income. It is besides argued that England was the worlds first urban nation, and urbanization meant that the majority of people lived in urban areas according to the consensus of 1861, an inevitable factor in a growing power.The aspects that caused panic- and/or moral panic- are to a fault an important aspect as well as what led to the reactions of politicians and how the public reacted to youth, which could often be a product of journalism at the succession. It should also be exp lained there was no distinct youth pre 1850s, children entered adult life as soon as potential working in the various industries. And now there was a growing consciousness of not only the working class but of a youth culture one which was ultimately conscious of itself.With this change in society and as problems occurred newspapers took advantage to emphasise story lines which, arguably in turn would lead to moral panic to around degree. And as Eileen Janes Yeo explains that some of these ideas were manufactured in the light of politicians creating these problems for them themselves to solve through social reform, creating further panic over the youth of tomorrow. An example of this can be seen by the hold up of an MP in 1862 or Garrotting as they were coined, held a small proportion of crimes but a adjure campaign resulted from this Garrotte robberies was tiny, the press created sensations out of diminished incidents. Parliament responded with ferocious legislation providing fo r offenders to be flogged as well as imprisoned. 1 Later Clive Emsley explains Violence, especially violence with a sexual frisson, sold newspapers. But uncultivated crime in the form of withdraw and street robbery never figured significantly in the statistics or in the courts. 2 This accordingly verifies the effects that the press had on panic within a social context to some extent.On the other hand Andrew Davies argues differently agreeing with Humphries point of view in his writings I would strongly endorse Humphries assertion that violent youth gangs were not an invention of the deep Victorian press. 3 It should also be noted that to a degree many Victorian English thought that the Irish or more specifically the poor Irish were responsible for a large proportion of crime in some areas such as Lancashire. With the substantial increase in Irish immigration during the early Victorian period, the host societys wide dissemination belief in the native criminality of the Irish-an d, more particularly, of the Irish poor-formed an integral component of the negative side of the Irish stereotype4 The Dublin weekly newspaper added in 1868 Nowhere in England can our countrymen consider themselves safe from English mob violence, The press therefore had a degree of influence on the panic throughout England regardless of whether they exaggerate events or exaggerated them, which is not to say this was the case in these separate examples.As hand in hand they make the situation worse and can spread panic. There were on the other hand reasons for concern and panic within Britain during this time. There were considered to be many Scuttlers and such like which were not recorded during the time and as James Bent describes in his criminal life reminiscences of forty-two long time as a police officer In the early 1890s, faculty at the Manchester Royal Infirmary informed the police that scarcely a day passed Without the admission of someone who ad been injured in a scuttling ruffle5 this shows to a large degree that the presence of the police was either needed or attributed to events occurring and therefore persistent panic could be justified to some degree. In addition to this pick pocketing is considered a skill and thus meant training, which opens a new area of debate. The orphans that were taken in had to work for their lodging and this could be the case with selection pockets.This argues that most youths were pushed into crime due to poverty and unbearable backgrounds. Such was the need for the Ragged schools to bring those who did not have a chance at upbringing for the varying reasons that hindered children in the 19th century. The Metropolitan police force is an important factor in scaling the panic of 19th century England as a centralized force that had more responsibility and imposed increasing numbers of laws is an obvious sign of control regardless of whether it was needed or not.It could be considered to be a reactionary attribute to wh at was happening whether it was to take precautions or act against the facing problems of youth culture. Increases in police forces in cities can also be drawn from the panic of Gang violence and scuttling. Philip Gooderson certainly argues the case, as for example the Salsford police increasing the force by around 30 in the years 1890-1. The various factory acts of the 19th century could also play a part in delinquency as it meant that less and less children were working therefore would either be in education or on the streets.It should also be considered that children had been taken advantage within industries for a long time and the possible effect this had on youth, the 19th century finally saw a slow and gradual intervention in this through various social reforms with such acts as the chimney sweeps act of 1840, which finally began to be enforced unlike previous reforms which were often ignored, as well as the numerous factory acts which allowed bettor conditions for children and women and age restrictions.The various institutions that were created during the 19th century are an obvious sign of moral panic and clearly show one reason why the 19th century has often be concerned with youth. Schools such as the Ragged schools in 1844, Reformatories in 1854 and finally in 1857 Industrial schools, each of which were to their own as such and have varying ideals. However there are conflicting views upon how delinquents should have been treated, and there are a number of private voluntary additions that drove chisel for a varying unishments opposed to prison, such as, Mary Carpenter, Sydney Turner and Mathew Davenport Hill whom helped in different ways to establish delinquency and aid such effects, this also argues the case for moral panic as there were now debates on what was best for delinquents in form of punishments and education. Additionally the social welfare and acts of the 1850s as well as the education act of 1876 introduced a number of industrial sc hools and further developments within truant schools. There was a network of 208 schools 43 reformatories, 132 industrial schools, 21 day industrials schools and 12 truant schools6 Heather Shore comments that The juvenile offender was not, then, an invention of the nineteenth century. However, it is clear that in this period a reconceptualisation of youth crime, and various developments in social policy, as well as the activities of certain individuals, resulted in a new language of youthful delinquency. Juvenile delinquency reiterated throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centurys, even today there is a concern for today and tomorrows youth as ideals are disconnected through different generations, not to mention the rise in knife and dangerous weapon crimes. Gang violence and criminality are still high today in London and other major cities with a similar average age of criminality the average age of a teenager arrested for murder in 2008 (18. 1 years) was four months older tha n the average age of a teenage murder arrestee in 1960 (17. years)7 despite there being moral panic for youth culture during the 19th century its not strictly persistent just to 19th century, as it is still of concern today. During the 18th and 19th century children worked for up to 18 hours a day, little or no education was offered as a result right and wrong was not eer apparent and this is a contributing factor to delinquency and persistent panic in the 19th century, as modernity took hold of Britain and more liberal and welfare ideas were debated which stemmed concern for youth which had not been fully understood or considered in previous centurys.Bibliography Davies, Andrew youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, Journal of Social History, Vol. 32, No. 2. (Winter, 1998), pp. 349-369 Emsley, Clive Crime and the Victorians Last updated 2011-02-17 http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. shtml 02/02/12 Males, Mike A. Crim inals and violent offenders getting older and older not younger 03/12/2010 http//www. cjcj. org/post/juvenile/justice/criminals/and/violent/offenders/getting/older/and/older/not/younger Accessed 02/03/2012Pearson, Geoffrey Disturbing continuities Peaky blinders to Hoodies ( CJM no. 65 Autumn 2006) Shore, Heather The idea of juvenile crime in 19th century England, History Today, June 2000 Swift, Roger Heroes or Villains? The Irish, Crime, and Disorder in Victorian England http//www. jstor. org/stable/4051670 Accessed 06/03/2012 1345 1 Clive Emsley http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. shtml 2 http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. html 3 Andrew Davies youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford p. 4 4 Roger Swift Heroes or Villains? The Irish, Crime, and Disorder in Victorian England 5 Youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, p. 5 6 Heather Shore, The idea of juven ile crime in 19th century England, History Today, June 200 p. 7 7http//www. cjcj. org/post/juvenile/justice/criminals/and/violent/offenders/getting/older/and/older/not/younger

Ethical Decision Making Essay

Ethics are important in business and the leader has important role in ethical determination making. A success leader is who has the courage to build his or her comp some(prenominal) to meet the needs of all the stakeholders, and who recognizes the importance of the service to society. The common theme for the leader form in ethical decision making is trust, fairness, and transparency. First, trust is based on ethical behavior of firm to form a strong base of any long-run business. Thus, leaders must act what they believe based on their strong value of religion, education, and family.Secondly, ethics refer to the fairness for making any decision or adjustment. Therefore, leaders should consider would their decision be fair for everyone bear on by it before any action taken. Finally, it is important in such a way that is easy for others to see what actions are performed. Leader with well transparency would be happy to make the decision in public, especially to the people affected b y it. Making the ethical decision is the duty of ethical leaders to instill these principles and face its sequential challenges.Business leaders must energize employees at all levels, utilizing a comprehensive set of methods to promote and recognize ethical actions. What must be in place for ethical decision making to expire in a business? In business, ethics is an essential configuration of leadership. The leader needs to make ethical decision when the business operators make competitive, strategical and tactical decisions that affect both stockholders and stakeholders such as downsizing and outsourcing.According to How leader can be ethical role models article, 79 percent of teens surveyed say they felt prepared to make ethical decisions when they enter the workforce. However, 38 percent said it is sometimes necessary to cheat, steal, lie or behave violently to succeed. galore(postnominal) leaders are now torn between company profits and doing the right thing. They are also to rn between doing what is right for the company long-term and what is good for their careers in the short-term.

Describe the main theoretical models of child abuse Essay

Medical moulding, sociological model, psychological model, feminist model and contextual model are all theories relating to abuse. Although there are many different types of chela abuse and many different reasons why it whitethorn occur, most cases have been wilted down to fit into one of the quintette main theories named above.Medical mode is when the reason for abused is classed as a disease or an illness. Kempe and Kempe were the inspiration for this possibleness when they described it as battered child syndrome which was linked to Bowlbys theory on attachment.Bowlby came to the conclusion that children who failed to form this stick to with their mother in the first three years of the childs action would have problems in later spiritedness bind with people and trusting people. He also described a child with a lack of bonding to be an affectionless psychopath, which he described to be someone who shows lack of guilt when done something wrong has difficulties showing emotion to things around them or someone with demeanor problems.Another affect of not having an attachment in this critical period as it was also known in Bowlbys eyes was development mental retardation which meant the child may go up with learning difficulties or slower intellectual skills. So if the main caregiver failed to have a strong bond when they were young then they may find it difficult to form a bond with the child. It is a vicious cycle that goes round and round.This type of abuse is shown in the case deal in some ways. This is because the mother of the children had failed to form a bond with her mother, and there for she is struggling to form a bond with her children. Will these children grow up failing to form a bond or a strong alliance with their children because of this? Bowlby would have described Kerry, the mother as an affectionless psychopath.Sociological model is all about the environment that the child is being brought up in and around. Areas of social deprivati on are often linked with abuse which has been proven in some research that has been carried out. Children need to be safe and grow up in healthy environments for them to get a good start in life and grow up healthy. Some people react to how they were treated when they were growing up. In other words if a child is abused or neglect then there is a higher chance that when they grow up they will forward this behaviour on to the children in their care. This is because this is what they are used to and they may think that it is normal was to treat children if they have seen no different. Another reason may be they feel that they have to suffer through it all and so should their children. It is not always this case however, some abused children grown up with the determination to treat the children with the love and kindness that they never received themselves.The case study states that the children are living in a high rise block of flats with faulty wiring, damp, and a lack of hygiene. The children are constantly around alcohol, drugs and known criminals. This is definitely not an appropriate environment for the children to be around and this is why I feel it fits in to this area of abuse.Psychological model is based around the family and its relationship status. It involves one particular member of the family being scapegoated by the rest of the family and getting the blame for all the problems that arise in the family.This type of abuse can be linked with the case study because the older child Katie gets blamed for a lot of the things that go wrong in the flat especially linked with her chum. Her brother is only a baby and if he cries then Katie gets in to trouble. She is given the responsibility to take care of the baby even though she is only 3 years old herself.The theory described as the feminist model is about the different sexes and the power and force in which the male figure has. This theory links mainly with sexual abuse.

Human Atrocities Essay

In the age of terrorism and nuclear wars, single of the greatest challenges that the homo wakenual corporation is facing right now is to curb human rights violations that is occurring in virtually all parts of the world. Even the citizens of the most democratic of nations are not spared from a certain spot of human rights violations or atrocities. This is a fact that all citizens of the world mustiness face and bravely address. hardly the bigger question is this who is responsible to curb human atrocities? More specifically, what can the international and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic partnership do to substitute in such atrocities?To answer these questions, I believe we must first begin at a definition of human rights violations or atrocities. According to Wikipedia, human rights refers to the universal rights of all human worlds regardless of race, color, nationality, religion gender and culture. From the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is ba sically based on inherent human dignity. Concurrently, human atrocities are violations of rights inherent to an individual. Normally, it is a term used when a presidency violates national or international law related to the protection of human rights.(Wikipedia, 2007) I am of the reliance that the international fellowship has an inherent responsibility to stand up against any form of human rights abuse. internationalist courts such as the International Criminal Court and international organizations such as the United Nations must be prepared in protecting the rights of each human being. They must be the first to vindication the interest of each person against any crime that may be done against them by both the military in their respective government or their government per se.For instance, the International Criminal Court is designed to bring into effect those peremptory norms of international law which safeguard such fundamental values as human dignity, the respect for life and limb of innocent persons, and the protection of ethnic, religious or racial groups. (Cassesse, 2007) In addition, the International Criminal Court must bring to justice any state which violates the dignity of its citizens. Doing so leave behind uphold the most important international values, including the respect for human rights.Moreover, taking these steps will uphold and vindicate community rights. International non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights assimilate is an indication of what the international community can do in order to garter curb the acquire of human atrocities in any country. They have the resources to let the international community know of any wrongdoings being done in certain areas of the world. They can mobilize other topical anaesthetic organizations to stand up against these atrocities by mobilizing public opinion.For instance, Amnesty International has worked and is further exerting its efforts for the protecti on of those detained because of their non-violent opinions and is seeking that Articles 18 and 19 of the UDHR be accept globally. On the other hand, Human Rights Watch opposes basic human rights violations like death penalty and sex discrimination. It is an advocate of freedom relating to fundamental human rights like freedom of religion and the press. Another significant role player in the bid to curb human atrocities is the local community.One cannot overemphasize on the power of the locals to intervene in such problems. Setting up international organizations will not solve the problems that are suppurate a country. Healing must come from within. The local community must always be on the look-out for any atrocities being done and must bravely report this to the authorities. As note in the website of the Crimes of contend Project, each international institution will need the support and cooperation of other institutions and, most significantly, of States themselves and local c ommunities for that matter.For example, local community can be a source of vital information related to the patterns and mechanisms of the problems in the community that can help solve an international crisis. (Cassesse, 2007) I also believe that the power of media can be best utilized in addressing the realities of human rights violations. Since the media can effectively capture the attention of many people, the local and international media should make it their responsibility to report any news of wrongdoings or injustice.(Cassesse, 2007) This will also help in making each community whether local or internationalto be more vigilant in such cases. It must be understood that the measures to be taken by the international community will have no significant bearing without the support of the local community. No amount of hindrance will be effective if the local community will not render its support. As noted by Antonio Cassesse in an article entitled A Big Step anterior for Internat ional referee, the best response to atrocities lies in a prudent and well thought-out combination of various approaches both local and international.(Cassesse, 2007) He writes, international criminal law is a branch of law that, more than any other, is about human folly, human wickedness, and human aggressiveness. It deals with the darkest side of our nature. It also deals with the way societies organize themselves to stem violence and wrong-doing as much as possible. Clearly, given the magnitude of the task, no single response may suffice. Instead, a broad array of responses, each tailored to specific circumstances, is needed effectively to fight international criminality. (Cassesse, 2007) Hence, interjection of human atrocities is both a local and international responsibility one that must be taken seriously and diligently by all societies in the world.Cited WorksCassesse, Antonio. crimesofwar. org. A Big Step Forward for International Justice. 7 March 2007. Wikipedia. Human Rights. 7 March 2007.

Globalizing the Cost of Capital and Capital Budgeting at AES Essay

fountainhead 1 Explain and comment on the chapiter budgeting method used historic tot every(prenominal)yy by AES. Is there a need for tack? Explain.Question 2 If Venerus implements the suggested methodology, what will be the line uped discount valuate for the Red Oak jump (USA) and the Lal Plr encounter (Pakistan)?Question 3 Calculate the effect that a revision of its cost of uppercase will wipe out on the Lal Plr projects NPV. Comment on the results.Q.1At the AES corporation capital budgeting was historically a very simple method, that was used for all projects being examined, regardless of geographical location. This method entailed 4 rules which were all recourse debt was deemed good, the economics of a given project were evaluated at an equity discount rate for the dividends from the project, all dividend flows were considered equally put on the liney, and a 12% discount rate was used for all projects.This method worked flawlessly when implement in the U.S., just now w hen it began being applied to international projects, it was giving the company unrealistic NPV quantifys. While just about concern existed, having no alternative, they continued to use the original method. By failing to take into account increase WACC, currentness risk, political risk, and sovereign risk, the company had developed projects that began failing in the early 2000s. The mistake by the company destroyed its stock price and market capitalization, losing millions of stockholders equity in the process.The debt structure caused significant currency risk for both the parent AES and its subsidiaries. As shown in exhibit 6, debt was denominated in USD for the subsidiaries, while they were bringing in revenues in foreign currencies. The parent companies also lost funds flows when depreciation occurred since the money made by subsidiaries was worth substantially less, after devaluations of foreign currencies. One such example is the Argentinean peso, when it lost 40% of its va lue on its premiere day of trading as a float.With such enormous oversights by management, and salient realizations of differing risk levels across markets, its quite apparent AES must make a change to its capital budgeting structure, if it is to survive.Q.2If Venerus and AES implement the suggested methodology, the projects would change drastically due to a change in WACC. To find WACC we must first calculate the leveraged importants for separately the US Red Oak and Lal Plr Pakistan projects, the equation unleveled important/1-(debt to capital) will be used. The unleveled beta can be erect in exhibit 7b, and is .25 for both projects. The debt to capital ratios can be build in exhibit 7a, for the U.S. it is 39.5%, and for Pakistan it is 35.1%. By plugging the numbers into the equation a leveraged beta can be found for the U.S. it is .41, and for Pakistan it is .3852.The next step would be to find the cost of capital which is ultimately different for each country, but uses th e U.S. risk free and risk premium rates, because all debt is financed in USD. The cost of capital is equal to U.S. T-bill+ leveraged beta (U.S. risk premium). For the U.S. project it is 4.5%+.41(7%) which is equal to 7.37%. For the Pakistan project it is 4.5%+.3852(7%) which is equal to 7.2%.Now the cost of debt must be found, by using the formula U.S. t-bill+ default spread. Both the U.S. and Pakistan projects have equal spreads of 3.47%, therefore both yield the kindred cost of debt. Plugging in the numbers you have, 4.5%+3.47% which is equal to 8.07%. This clearly does not make sense given the Brobdingnagian differences in the markets structure of each country, the political risk involved. To adjust for these factors the sovereign risk must be taken into account, which can be found in exhibit 7a.The sovereign risk for the U.S. is as judge 0%, but for Pakistan is a staggering 9.9%. To reevaluate the cost of capital and cost of debt the sovereign risk is added to them. This resu lts in the U.S.s being constant and Pakistans cost of capital rising slope to 17.1% and its cost of debt rising to 17.97%. Finally with everything else calculated its possible to calculate the WACC, using the formula given on rapscallion 7. It consists of leveraged beta (cost of capital) + Debt to capital (cost of debt) (1-tax rate). For the U.S. WACC= 6.48%, and for Pakistan WACC= 15.93%. (Equation with numbers shown on attached page) The final step is to again further adjust the WACC according to its risk work, found on page 9 and exhibit 7a.Using the summation of the haemorrhoid multiplied by the given weights the risk score is calculated. (Shown on page 9 of the case). The U.S. risk score is assumed to be 0, since everything is in USD and the U.S. projects WACC is already accounting for the risk. The Pakistan risk premium is calculated to be 1.425, and with each point equaling 500 basis points, 1.425*500= 705bp= 7.05%. This number is directly tacked onto the existing Pakista n WACC to come out with 15.96%+7.05%= 23%, which is the final WACC calculation for the project. By taking into many more factors than previous models allowed it is clear that the WACC for both the U.S. and Pakistan projects greatly differ from the 12% standard used historically. The U.S. project suddenly looks much more favorable, while the Pakistan project is unlikely to be accepted with such a high weighted average cost of capital attached to it.Q.3Using the cash flows given in exhibit 12 it is possible to calculate the NPV for the projects, and change the cost of capital in the Pakistan project to explore the effects. Using excel to calculate the cash flows (shown on separate sheet) at the original 12% discount rate, the 23.1% for Pakistan, and 6.45% for the U.S. it is easy to compare the differences in NPV. The original 12% discount would yield a NPV of $505.51 million, the Pakistan 23.1% discount rate would yield a $290.83 million NPV, and the 6.45% U.S. discount rate would yie ld a $744.08 million NPV. It is quite apparent that the Pakistan projects NPV suffers greatly from its high WACC, glide slope in $214 million less than with historical model, and $453 million less than with the U.S. discount rate.With such low NPV attack from the Lal Plr project its value could be reached by the U.S. project within about 6 years. This is like precept that due to such risky factors, including political risk, it is unreasonable to assume that the project would operate longer than 6 years in Pakistan before its unable to continue, unable to receive any further cash flows, and unable to reclaim assets. Due to such high discounting, and implied risk, it is probably not in the companys best interest to pursue projects in Pakistan, and to look for projects with less risk and lower WACCs.

Cooking Paper Essay

In the name by Mark Bitten, he makes the agreement that most people can feed themselves a hearty meal at home for less money than a meal from the local fast regimen establishment. His position is that food cooked at home is more nutritious, better for the environment and better for families in general. I agree with Mark Bitten, Junk food such as McDonalds which most lower income families declare for dinner cause its cheaper instead of having something healthy like broccoli which is less affordable is the problem the States is having. All of this junk food is the reason why Americans are so overweight, when in fact hyper bear on food remains more expensive than food cooked at home. The government subsidies given to the fast food companies are ridiculous. There are five fast-food restaurants for every super market in the United States.The modify inflation price of fresh produce has increased by 40 percent while insufferable the price of soda and processed food has decreased by as much as 30 percent. There could be hundreds of arguments and statements do about this article but what it comes down to to stop our country from dying(p) is real cultural changes. Cooking at home and making food had to become part of sane life, Americans need to see that McDonalds is hurting them more then its helping them. There addictive behaviors are influencing younger kids to be born into bad habits and start a chain of obesity and have bad.Efforts are being put into slowly stop this, Grocery stores in California are making things affordable for low income people, Zoning laws are restricting the number of fast food restaurants in definite areas, and there have been several programs to educate and build fresh food areas around America. Personally I have not eaten McDonalds, Wendys or Burger King in 11 years and have made efforts to show how bad there food really is and how harming it is. Hopefully people can see the disconfirming effects Junk food has on Americans and the positive effects cooking food at home it has on Americans and this problem can be resolved so we can live in a better world.

Starbucks – Supply Chain

Starbucks Expectations of Starbucks nodes in damage of Starbucks coffee bean beverages The expectations of Starbucks customers regarding coffee beverages would be to receive a perfectly made coffee, which is also recognized by the Starbucks mission statement. The notion of perfectly made coffee at Starbucks get out take on freshness and immensity of taste, choice (varieties by origin, type and flavor), consistency of taste, image of premium coffee, some exotic experience, bon vivant beverage, unique bl curios, same consistent feel and same price at either location and every day.The idea is to help customers find a beverage thats right for them from over 19,000 choices, by gravid them an opportunity to try new things they didnt know about and find a new beverage. The primary feather goals of Starbucks coffee bean yield chain as being a customer focused agreementThe primary goals of the coffee bean supply chain will be to provide total customer satisfaction by ensuring the coffee is available in all varieties, at reasonably affordable prices, and the coffee meets and exceeds customers expectations, along with providing the unique experience (as described above), while keeping costs possibly low passim the whole chain from supplier(s) to end customer(s). How purchasing helps Starbuck achieve their supply chain goalsBeing an integral start out and the core activity of the supply chain, purchasing is also a key strategic process of the business. At Starbucks, purchasing is ensuring an interrupted flow of coffee at optimal cost and of consistent quality. This is achieved by 1) hard-hitting varieties and sources that would meet SB standards in terms of supreme and sustainable quality, and careful selection of coffee and assure reliable suppliers (Coffee Sourcing Guidelines, Preferred Supplier Status Program) 2) building ong-lasting relationships with coffee growers and exporters, including co-ops and individual farmers 3) hands-on checking on sylvan conditions and crop yields, audit from crop to cup 4) paying premium prices to coffee growers, along with using fixed-price contracts and proximo contracts 5) Green and social initiatives promoted by SB. How the operations elements of Starbucks supply chain support them at achieving their goals. Objectives of these elementsObjectives of operations elements will be to ensure the next step in the supply chain meets strategic and tactical goals and provides for shape with SBs standards, while constantly minimizing costs by controlling and managing inventories. That is the right quantity of the mathematical product has to be forecasted, planned, scheduled, delivered, processed, and distributed in order to secure smooth operations of every SB outlet and dispersal channel.A set of tools is being used to this end RFID for dark deliveries by suppliers, and for shipping containers (Operation Safe Commerce), co-ordinated Supply Chain Operating systems, Lean operations, Inventory control and forecasting accuracy to SKU level, High-tech roast and grinding equipment, automated POS systems, DRP ( scattering resource planning), TRP (transportation requirement planning), ERP systems. How distribution and warehousing support the supply chain goals of Starbucks. Objectives of the Starbucks distribution and warehousing functions.Distribution and warehousing functions will be the final steps in delivering the product to the end customer, along with ensuring ultimate satisfaction. Again, minimizing costs and maximizing profits. Long-term agreements with logistics providers and foodservice distributors (Sysco, HAVI) complement the Company-operated retail stores and the network of distribution channels, which include retail and grocery store licensing agreements, wholesale club accounts, joint ventures and direct-to-consumer channels, via mail orders and online.Convenience stores, department stores, word-painting theatres, businesses, airports, schools and medical facilities a re other examples of the network. Why effective integration of activities is required for Starbucks to achieve their goals. Activities Integration plays a crucial role in the whole SB supply chain, as poor performance or failure at any step or activity of the supply chain will endanger the whole venture.Activities and elements involved into integration include building long-term relations with reliable partners, elimination of obstacles in the way of cooperation, working out common goals and tools for such cooperation along with strategies and tactics, effective communication and introduction of new integrated systems, prompt collection, analysis and sharing of information by all supply chain participants, supply chain performance measurements and monitoring.Some examples of such activities at the very beginning of the chain will be common work with coffee growers on cultivation practices in order to improve coffee quality and provide consistency and continuity, which will better match the roasting process, paying premium prices to growers which will set in to creating sustainable sources of coffee beans, CAFE practices, etc.

Dual-nitride Quantum Wells Effects on Laser Diodes

Dual-nitride Quantum Wells do on Laser DiodesAbstraction This authorship examines the public paradeation of optical unsymmetric three-fold-nitride quantum broad(a) focused, the tenderness of visible radiation in the dual quantum equitable structures with different structural parametric quantities were investigated. Vision charts implement different mole fraction of aluminium in the barrier beds changes the extensiveness of the quantum good and barrier crossways the center in the grasp of 1 to 5 nanometer is simulated. The consequences show an addition in the pretension of the quantum good and the rise in the center of the barrier to cut down the breadth of the visible radiation.Keywords quantum good, nitride, optical maser rectifying tube.IntroductionThe semiconducting material quantum well optical masers have attracted many research workers. This tool is particularly widespread usage in devices such optical masers because of the highly low threshold currents, The narr ow scope of the optical maser visible radiation and less dependent on temperature than normal, doing more and more industries are scrambling to hone these devices is semiconducting material. The light one of the most basic features of a semiconducting material optical maser is to hone the direct consequence of the external profile such as the efficiency and power end product. On the other manus, when the wide awake bed construction are little plenty vital force province in the conductivity clan and quantal capacity and merely certain vim degrees are allowed. The thin officious country is a great advantage and that is that the entire figure of bearers required to obtain a minginess of transparence in the active quantum good laser than conventional laser proportion of the thickness of the active country. 1 Broadband spread stuffs and elements ( AlN, GaN, and InN ) associated with much success in optoelectronic devices, particularly in the present decennary have, Although these stuffs belong to the group, and ionic substances are polarized. There is a really big electric sector in the way of growing of nitride stuffs for their piezoelectric consequence and self-generated polarisation. 2 WorkingIn this paper the noninterchangeable double quantum good that the connexion is created, the undermentioned explainsAluminumtenTabun1-xN /GaN / AltenTabun1-xN /GaN / AltenTabun1-xNitrogenFixed breadth of barrier and the breadth of the 2 Wellss allow for changed from 1nm to 5nm. It is deserving observing in this reappraisal due to the symmetricalness of the quantum Wellss of the effects of self-generated and piezoelectric Fieldss is neglected 3 . To cipher the first optical moving ridge map and the energy adapt is seeking to make, the Schrodinger equation for a atom in asymmetric quantum well is convey as follows . ( 1 )Where m( ten )is the effectual mass depends on the location of the well and barrier, U ( x ) is the profile represents the bunch constructio n. In work outing this equation finite difference method, the job with boundary conditions in a peculiar matrix becomes a value. Particular values of this matrix, the allowable energy systems and particular maps of the matrix, Particle swan map is the same 4 . A measure vicissitude from high to low degrees seen in measuring 1 Angstrom energy degrees and beckon maps are accurate. To go on working, it is necessary to find the address of the Fermi degree by the degree by and large related to the injection of bearers and therefore a individual optical maser solution, the denseness of the bearers and so, degrees Dirac-like signifier of the Fermi distribution map achieved 5 . Song equations testament be as follows . ( 2 )Where Ne the denseness of bearers, I current injection, ? bounds factor, ?ggroup speed reach to C/neff, gThursdaythreshold addition and as gThursday= ?I+ ?mwere as follows ( 3 )And Np the denseness of photons, Rsp self-generated ascent rate, Rnr non-radiation climb rate, ?p photon life-time, which is equal to ( 4 )Where degree Celsius is the vacuity light velocity, neff is the refractile index, L is the correspond length, R1 and R2 are the pit mirrors coefficient of reflection, and ?i is the internal loss. The rate equations, numerically and by PCBF 4th with MATLAB, come terminal quasi-Fermi degrees calculated 6 .Given these physical parametric quantities rump be achieved utilizing visible radiation that is expressed as follows . ( 5 ) . ( 6 ) . ( 7 ) . ( 8 )Equation ( 8 ) built-in conductivity and valency sets overlap and some are less than one and really near to one. Harmonizing to equation ( 5 ) when the concomitant light moving ridge at bottomvolvement is positive and a photon, energywill be strengthened by the stuff. It can be shown that this inequality is tantamount to the term. The comparative separation of the Fermi degree must be larger than the set spread of the visible radiation in the stuff obtained. For high negatro n bearer denseness can be made.The ConsequencesThe construction consists of a barrier were studied type with AlGaN mole fraction x = 0.7, ii Wellss of GaN with a thickness of 1nm. A barrier between the quantum Wellss of the AlGaN mole fraction x = 0.2 and breadth of 1nm and at long last a barrier is made of AlGaN fraction x = 0.7 as shown in fig. ( 1 and 2 ) . figure of speech 1 Schematic of the construction of the survey radiation pattern 2 The moving ridge map and energy degrees for double asymmetric potency Wellss for negatrons.In portion ( a ) can be fixed within the barrier and increase the breadth of the Wellss, the light lessenings as shown figure ( 3 and 4 ) . The cause of this reduction can be explained so that the breadth of the well additions, take part less in emanation and therefore the figure of photons produced by the reduced allowable passages. In portion ( B ) Wellss were fixed within 1nm and the breadth of the barrier will alter from 1nm to 5nm. Plug the center, similar to the alterations good, the moving ridge map and energy degrees and optical efficiency will cut down this consequence as shown in fig. ( 5 and 6 ) . In portion ( degree Celsius ) of the first good presuming changeless breadth and comprehensiveness of the barrier, with increasing breadth as the 2nd good as shown in fig. ( 7 and 8 ) , the visible radiation will be cut down.Figure 3 Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for assorted good width.Figure 4 Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of the asymmetric dual-nitride quantum Wellss.Figure 5 Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for assorted mid-latitude blocking.Figure 6 Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of the barrier in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride.Figure 7 Optical addition in asymmetric dual quantum good nitride for alteration in one well.Figure 8 Change the visible radiation to alter the breadth of an asymmetric dual-nitride quantum Wellss.Decisi onThis paper examines the asymmetric dual quantum good nitride laser visible radiation is focused. Calculations show that the dissemble on the type of optical maser is really high so that by increasing the breadth of the quantum good and increase the breadth of the barrier, reduced productiveness and increased breadth of the emanation spectrum.Mentions 1 Peter, S. , Zory, J. , Quantum Well Lasers , Elsevier, 2012 2 Berrah, S. , Abid, H. , Boukortt, A. , Sehil, M. , Band spread of three-dimensional AlN, GaN and InN compounds under force per unit area , Turk J Phys, 30, 513518, 2006. 3 Agrawal, G. , Fiber-optic Communication Systems , Wiley Interscience, 2000. 4 LOEHR, J. , Physicss of Strained Quantum Well Lasers , Springer Science & A Business Media, LLC, 1998. 5 Ivanov, P. S. , Lysak, V. V. , Sukhoivanov, I. A. , Advanced theoretical account for simulation of surface-emitting quantum-well optical masers , Int. J. Numer. Model, 14, 379-394, 2001. 6 Suhara, T. , Semicon ductor Laser Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Inc. , 2004

Contractual Procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contractual Procedures - render ExampleTo begin with the definition, Lord Diplock in the case of Modern Engineering Ltd v. Gilbert-Ash 1974 AC 689 717B (Chris Turner 2002) defines a formula start out as the whole agreement for sale of goods and work for a prize due in cash or installment as goods get delivered and work done. This implies that the implementation of a face contract takes place in a continual process, also, Section 104(1) of the HGCRA 96 defines a construction contract as including all construction operations, arrangements for construction operations by others under a made subcontract and provision of own labour or that of others for the purposes of doing construction operations. Standard forms get used for making construction contracts.Traditional contracts occur on the employer entering into a contract with an architect or engineer to prepare the design. The contracted architect or engineer supervises the construction of the design while acting as the agent of the employer. Thereafter, the employer enters into another contract with the contactor to build the design. Then the declarer employs subcontractors and suppliers to supply goods and services. (New engineering Contracts (NEC).The transactionhip between the parties brings in the doctrine of privity of contracts (Chris Turner 2002). Privity of contracts provides that the contract does not bind third parties. The diagram below illustrates the whole scenario and the relations between the parties.The diagram above shows that the employer makes two independent contracts, one with the architect and another with the contractor. Then the contractor makes a contractor with the suppliers while the architect has an implied contract with the contractor and suppliers, to supervise them. The supplier remains a third party to the employer and so not answerable to him. Both the contractor and supplier remains a third party to the contractor. The situation

Does lupron provide a better outcome for first line treatment in Thesis

Does lupron provide a remedy outcome for first line treatment in advanced prostate crab louse - Thesis specimenIntroduction In spite of all the dramatic advances in the understanding of disease processes, medical learning and medical technologies, cancer remains a disease of special focus in present times, because of the challenges that it continues to aim as a life threatening disease. Most of the cancer diseases tend to be chronic, with a tight possibility of causing the death of the individual, yet take years to develop, before presenting any signs and symptoms of the disease. There is express clarity in how cancer diseases develop and the exact etiology of to the highest degree cancers is yet to be intelligibly defined. Treatment of more cancers involves employing repeated interventions and multiple approaches at the different stages of the disease. The treatment strategy in many of the cancer diseases is more of hope at curing the patients and with the more definite a im of managing the disease, so as to extend the period of survival, with better quality of life in terms of comfort alertness, and function. In the linked States of America (U.S.A) the disease of cancer continues to remain a major concern in society, as many of the modern diseases show a declining trend, bit in the case of the cancer diseases more people be developing the disease over the few decades (Grenwald, 2002). Prostate cancer is a cancer that affects the male gender only. Widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is used in U.S.A. to detect prostate cancer, while it is clinically localized, so that the many forms of interventions available for the early stage of prostate cancer may be used in an attempt to cure the patient of the disease. Yet, many patients still present themselves in hospitals demonstrating evidence of progressive, metastatic, or perennial prostate cancer. Limited effective treatment strategies argon possible in advanced prostate cance r, and in many of the cases, the disease progresses to the palliative care stage. In 2008, 28,660 men died in the U.S.A from prostate cancer, making it the most common malignant disease in men. This statistic points to the need for identifying the treatment strategies that provide the best outcomes for advanced prostate cancer in men, so as to improve the outcome for these patients (Phillips & Petrylak, 2010). 2. Literature Review 2.1. Development of categoric Cancer Every cancer has been found to be associated or suspected of association with risk factors. In the case of prostate cancer, evidence from studies have shown that the environmental exposures and dietary nutrients, family history, advancement in age and hormonal factors in conjunction act to alter the genetic architecture in the individual, supporting the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The use of epidemiological data emphasizes the possibility of environmental factors in the development of prostate cancer. For e xample, Asians as a racial group are less prone to prostate cancer, for which their poor hygiene and diet are believed to be the cause. This can be seen from Asian migrants in the